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3-Inch
Stokes
Trench Mortar, |
World War I |
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A Subject of Mortars in Miniature.com |
| Click on all photos and scans to enlarge... |
| The Kit: This is a finely cast pewter kit in 1/32nd scale and is from the English firm Scale Link. The castings were very nicely done, and with the minimum of filing, it built up into a fine representation of the late war British Stokes Mortar. The detail present is well depicted, however there are a few 'nuts and bolts' that should be added to enhance the details up a bit. My model is built basically right out of the box with the exception of the masking tape strap that is attached to the muzzle cover. There was no sighting mechanism included in the kit, and this is probably my only complaint. |
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The Extras:
The four Mortar Bombs are included in the kit and they are finely cast as well.
The Lee-Enfield SMLE (Short Magazine Lee-Enfield) rifle is also a
product of Scale Link and was purchased separately. It is also
cast in pewter and is
quite nicely done. Included in the package of eight SMLE rifles is a small Photo Etch fret containing rifle slings.
These are somewhat difficult to use as I
found them to be rather 'stiff' and tough to bend into a natural pose. I most
likely would forgo these in the future in favor of my usual method of drafting
tape, styrene plastic and fine wire.
The Decals:
No decals are provided with this kit. All that were used
came from a spare aircraft decal sheet, and they solely consist of the red and
green stripes around the bombs as well as the white firing alignment
stripe found on the mortar tube. These were applied per the usual method of
closely trimming the backing film, dipping in warm tap water and set in place.
Care must be taken to ensure that the trimmed film is removed and out of the way
prior to the decal being set in it's final location on the model. Once dry, the
decals were lightly coated with decal setting solution (Solvaset) and set
aside to dry thoroughly.
The Base and Groundwork:
This base is cut to 3-1/2 inches in diameter and is of pine wood,
stained with a natural colored stain and sealed with multiple coats of
Polyurethane. Sculptamold mixed with white glue and water (75% to 25%) was
used to
shape out the groundwork. The sandbags were pressed out of a self-hardening
clay, with minor gaps being filled with a mixture of white glue, water and finely
sifted (through a nylon stocking) dirt. A few patches of Verlinden Static
Grass were added as well as a spotty covering of the same sifted dirt as
mentioned above. The back side of the sandbags were carved and sanded to
somewhat maintain the radius of the
wood base below.
The brass nameplate is made from K&S Brass Shim, .005" thick and
cut to 1/2" wide with a #11 X-Acto blade. The brass shim was then
shined up with fine steel wool. The
lettering was accomplished by using Letraset dry transfer lettering. To
seal the lettering and to protect the nameplate from fingerprints etc., the nameplate was sealed with multiple thin coats
of Future Floor Wax applied by airbrush straight from the bottle. When
completely dry, the nameplate was then fixed to the base with double-sided tape. Care must be taken when forming the
nameplate to match the contour of the wood base as to not crack the wax
coating.
Painting, Weathering and Finishing:
Painted entirely with PollyS/PollyScale and Model Master
Acrylic Paints. A mix of Winsor
and Newton Oils thinned with a Loew-Cornell Odorless Brush Cleaner
and Thinner was used for the washes. Weathering on this subject was
accomplished in part by using Berol Prismacolor artist's pencils. PollyScale Acrylic Flat Coat was then applied overall to the
finished subject.
Actual Data:
Weight:
(As broken down into 3-man carrying loads.)
Tube..........43 pounds
Baseplate...28 pounds
Bipod.........37 pounds
Total....108 pounds
Tube Length: 51 inches
Ammunition: High Explosive
(HE), Mark I
Weights: Shell complete:....................................8.92 lbs.
Powder Charge (total):........................2.75 lbs
Total weight of loaded projectile:.......11.67 lbs.
(Normally four projectiles per box.)
Range: Minimum (safe): Approx. 100 yards
Maximum: Approx. 740 yards (with 3 powder charge rings attached)
Rate of Fire: Up to 22
rpm
|
(U.S.) No. 1744 |
(U.S.) No. 1744 |
Misfire Procedure:
1. In the event of a misfire, the mortar is tilted forward , the shell gently removed, the safety inserted in the fuze, and the shell examined.
2. If the cartridge has been well and centrally struck by the striker pin, remove the cartridge and insert a new one. Also examine the striker pin. If loose, it must be tightened. Also see that the shell guides are clean, and that the bore is not coated with too thick oil.
3. If the cartridge was not centrally struck, the striker pin is loose or the cartridge container is bent. In the former case, tighten the striker pin. In the latter case, the shell is defective.
4. In misfires where the cause is not obvious, as bent cartridge container etc., tilt the barrel sufficiently to allow any fragments of previous rounds to be shaken out.
General Info:
Designed and developed in 1914 by Sir Wilfred Scott-Stokes (1860—1927),
The Stokes Mortar was conceived to be a "portable gun" with the
capability of lobbing explosives effectively into German trenches well beyond hand
and rifle grenade range, and with more explosive power. It was deemed to be a
"brilliant concept" by the British Army, however
some determined conservatives deemed it as "an outrageous novelty".
The design of this weapon was quite simplistic and is considered to be the first "modern" mortar to be fielded. The basic principles of the Stokes Mortar can still be found in today's modern mortar designs.
The Mark I High Explosive bomb most commonly used was filled with approximately 2-1/2 pounds of Nitrostarch explosive compound. Basic TNT was also approved for the explosive but was seldom employed. To this cast iron mortar bomb, the Mark VI "all ways" fuse was fitted and this fuse was designed to detonate regardless of the bomb's velocity and angle of impact. The Mark I bomb was not stabilized during flight, often tumbling end over end, hence the importance of the "all ways" fuse. The Mark I bomb is being depicted here.
There were also smoke bombs, White Phosphorous and various types of gas and chemical agent projector bombs tested, but not generally issued. A "Mark III" practice bomb was also produced and issued for training purposes. This bomb contained approximately two pounds of sand with a black powder "booster" that produced a puff of white smoke upon impact. The characteristics of the Mark III practice bomb were similar to that of the Mark I High Explosive bomb.
The firing of this weapon was achieved by dropping the bomb down the tube. The shell was propelled out of the tube when the shotgun-like blank shell fitted to the base of the bomb detonated on contact with the fixed firing pin at the base of the tube. The exploding cartridge would then ignite the Cordite propellant rings attached to the bomb, sending the bomb out of the tube.
Elevation was determined by the usage of a Clinometer. For aiming, the white stripe was aligned on the target area or the weapon was simply aimed by eye.
The British Army officially adopted the mortar as the "3-inch Stokes Trench Mortar, Mark I" in 1915, and was put into limited production. It would not see Front-Line service until 1916, with the first recorded commitment to battle near Loos, France.
This weapon was also issued to the United States' Allied Expeditionary Force (AEF) and was known there as the "3-inch Trench Mortar, Mark I". It was also produced in the United States when it was determined that British production levels could not meet the requirements of the AEF. Portuguese troops serving on the Western Front were also issued the 3-inch Stokes Trench Mortar, Mark I.
By the final year of the war, 1918, each British Army Division had 24 Stokes mortars on inventory.
References:
"World War 1 Trench Warfare (2)" by Dr. Stephen
Bull and Adam Hook. Osprey Publishing, Elite Series No. 84.
"British Tommy, 1914-1918" by Martin Pegler and
Mike Chappell. Osprey Publishing, Warrior Series No. 16
Mr. Tom Bebbington - United Kingdom
Mr. Vesa Toivonen - Finland
Mr. Jerrill F. Janik - United States
Mr. David Albert - United States
Additional References:
"U.S. Infantry Weapons of the First World War" by Bruce N.
Canfield
On the Internet:
Bruce
N. Canfield, The Three Inch Mortar
The
Stokes Mortar
The First World War
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British 3" Stokes Trench Mortar,
Mark I |
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